Possibility of Use of Ethnoveterinary Practices in Organic and Natural Pig Production

Ethnoveterinary medicine is a field for protecting animal health and treating illnesses that is associated with traditional beliefs and indigenous knowledge and practices. Plant-based ethnoveterinary medicine is extensively used across the world since livestock raising is an integral part of most people’s livelihoods. Ethnoveterinary medicine is very dynamic and multifunctional since it can cure a variety of livestock illnesses as well as being widely available in remote areas and less expensive than synthetic medicines. Very little attention has been given to documentation of plants used as ethnoveterinary medicine, and this cultural reservoir is disappearing day by day in some parts of the developed world. However, in India, the ethnoveterinary medicine is silently playing a vital role in sustainable livestock production. The ethnic knowledge is deeply ingrained in rural communities and is strongly connected to the local biodiversity. Some of the commonly followed ethnoveterinary practices in pig production are listed below.

ETHNOVETERINARY HERBS USED BY TRIBAL PIG FARMERS FOR PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF VARIOUS AILMENTS IN PIGS

Common Name	Scientific Name	Part used	Ailment(s )	Method of Use
Rusty mimosa/ Thembra	Acacia pennata	Bark	Diarrhoea	A cake is prepared by mixing chopped and dried thembra bark with grounded rice and clean water followed by sun-drying for 7-10 days. about 50-100 g cake orally on empty stomach for a period of 3-5 days
Billygoat-weed/ Bongnaiso	Ageratum conyzoides	Leaves	Wound	Applied as a paste by crushing 25-30 nos. of fresh leaves on the cut wounds
Aloe Vera/ Bap engsu	Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f	Leaves	Skin Inf	Applied as paste on the skin lesion twice daily for 10-15 days. The paste is prepared by grinding 20-30 g of freshly collected leaves
Blackboard tree/ Thengmu	Alstonia scholaris	Bark	Chronic diarrhoea and fever	An extract is prepared by soaking bark overnight in clean water. Drench the extract orally for 2-3 days
Bishohori/ Mirve	Amaranthus bicolor	Leaves	Freshly cut wound and after castration	Applied as paste on the wounded area. The paste is prepared by crushing freshly collected 30-50 g of leaves and applied two times for 5-7 days
Prickly Amaranth/ Dido Sudo	Amaranthus spinosus	Whole plant except root	Hypogalactia	Raw/cooked Prickly Amaranth is mixed with pig feed @ 250-500 g twice daily
Star fruit/Thorte	Averrhoa carambola	Fruits & leaves	Diarrhoea and vomiting	An extract is prepared by proper chopping and grinding of 5-7 nos of ripned fruits and 50 g of leaves. The extract is then drenched orally @ 50ml twice daily for 2-3 days
Neem / Nim	Azadirachta indica	Bark /	Worm infestation /	About 50-70 g of dried bark is ground into powder. The powder is mixed with drinking water and fed orally once daily for about 3-5 days
		Leaves	Skin infection / Dermatitis	Decoction of about 200 g of leaves then extract is applied over the skin lesion for about 7-10 days Paste of neem leaves is applied in the infected region for 10 to 15 days.
Hemp/ Bahang / Ganja / Bhang	Cannabis sativa	Leaf	Inappetence and fever	Both raw and dried leaves of Indian hemp is chopped and mixed with pig feed
		Leaf	Respiratory Disease	Juice are extracted after crushing the fresh ganja leaves and then fed with rice for two to three days
African chilly/ Birikso	Capsicum frutescens	Fruit	Conjunctivitis	About 1-3 nos of African chilly is properly grinded along with 10 mL of mustard oil and applied on the infected eye
Papaya/ Mensopi	Carica papaya	Fruits	Diarrhoea	About 1 K g of papaya fruits is cut into small pieces, cooked with rice bran properly then fed twice daily for 5-7 days
		Leaves and fruits	Diarrhoea, dysentery and deworming	Papaya leaves and fruits are fed for three to five days.
Asiatic pennywort/ Nonrongman	Centella asiatica	Whole plant	Diarrhoea/ dysentery and fever	About 50-100 mL of plant extract in water is prepared and drenched orally twice daily for 5-7 days
Kavai fruit/ Kai krup	Cephalandra indica	Cephalandra indica	Chronic diarrhoea	About 50-70 mL of fresh leaves extract is prepared and drenched orally twice daily for 5-7 days
Edible stem wine/ Repi Chingthun	Cissus quadrangularis	Whole plant except root	Fracture and deep-seated wound	Freshly collected plant part is crushed and made into a paste, applied directly on the fractured area once daily with the provision of a splint to support the immobilized joint part. The application is continued for a period of about 3-4 weeks.
Colocasia/ Henru	Colocasia esculenta	Corm	Cut wound	Applied as a paste directly by crushing about 30-50 g of the corm
Clammy Cherry/ Buwal tree	Cordia dichotoma	Bark	Bark	About 100-200 mL of bark extract is prepared by dipping overnight in clean drinking water. The extract is drenched orally in the morning once daily for 5-7 days
Black turmeric/ Hansoke-ik	Curcuma caesia	Rhizome	Skin infection	A paste is prepared with 30-50 g of the rhizome and applied to the affected part once daily for about one month
		Root	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Root of black turmeric are crushed and fed for three to four days
Turmeric/ Tharmit	Curcuma longa	Rhizome	after castration	An amount of 50-70 g of crushed turmeric rhizome is thoroughly mixed with ash, mustard oil/coconut oil and applied immediately post castration and continued for 3-5 days
		Powder	Dermatitis	Paste of turmeric powder and mustard oil are applied externally in the infected area for 10 to 15 days
Dub/Tipli	Cynodon dactylon	Leaves	Skin abrasions	Applied directly as paste on the affected area
Tropical chickweed/ Laijabori	Drymaria cordata	Leaves	Diarrhoea/ dysentery and fever	Raw leaf extract prepared by crushing 50- 100 g leaves in 100-150 mL clean water then administer orally after mixing with feed twice daily for 3-5 days
Indian fig tree/ Thebo	Ficus racemosa	Latex	Fracture	The latex of the plant is collected aseptically and applied to the fractured area followed by a provision of bamboo strips and tied for immobilization
Hairy fig	Ficus hispida	Leaves	Deworming	Cooked with rice or wheat bran or fed in raw for two days.
Willow-leaved justicia/Bikholya Koroni	Gendarussa vulgaris	Leaves	Post castration	Applied as paste prepared from freshly collected 30-50 nos of leaves for a period 5- 7 days
China rose/Joba	Hibiscus rosa sinenesis	Flower & leaves	Post castration	Applied as paste prepared from freshly collected 30-50 nos of leaves for a period 5- 7 days
Roselle/ Hanserong	Hibiscus sabdariffa	Leaves & fruits	Constipation and fever	Decoction of about 250 g of leaves and fruits and fed with feed twice daily for 3-5 days
Heartleaf/ Vorekjokk	Houttuynia cordata	Leaves	Fever and diarrhea	Leaf extract is prepared by crushing 30-50 nos of leaves along with 50-70 mL of clean
Lasia/Chosot	Lasia spinosa	Offset	Worm infestation	Decoctions of about 200 g of freshly collected offset and administer the extract after mixing with feed once daily for a period 5-7 days
		Tender stem , leaves	Maggot wound and external parasite infestation	Crushed and grind about 150 g of tender stem and leaves then applied directly through pasting and rubbing on the wounded and parasite infested area once daily for 3-5 days
Common Grey Mango Laurel. / Mukasong	Litsea laeta	Bark	Maggot wound and external parasite infestation	Crushed and grind about 150 g of tender stem and leaves then applied directly through pasting and rubbing on the wounded and parasite infested area once daily for 3-5 days
Climbing hempweed/ Bapthina	Mikania scandens	Leaves	Fresh cut wound and bleeding	Applied as paste prepared from freshly collected Climbing hempweed leaves until bleeding stops
Spiny gourd/Kerela	Momordica dioica	Leaves	External parasite infestation	Applied as a paste directly on the parasitic infested skin area for duration of about 1-2 h. daily and continued for 2-3 days
Drumstick tree/Sondon	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Root	Maggot wound	Grind and mixed thoroughly about 30 g roots epidermis, 3 nos. of naphthalene ball, 30 mL of coconut oil and applied on the wounded area for 3-5 days
		Bark	Fungal infection	Grind and mix thoroughly about 100 g of bark, 20-30 g of sugar, 3-5 nos of naphthalene ball and 30-50 mL of coconut oil and apply the mixture directly on the parasitic infested lesion
Tobacco/Doma	Nicotiana tabacum	Dried leaves	Maggot wound	Dried tobacco leaves are ground into powder form and mixed properly with dissolved lime. The mixture applied to the maggot wounds twice daily for 3-5 days
		leaves	Leech and mites	Tobacco extract or leaves are externally applied to get rid of leech/mites.
Holy basil/ Lopongbirik	Ocimum killimandscharicum	Leaves	Navel cord infection	About 30-50 mL of fresh leaves extract is prepared and applied twice daily for 5-7 days on the cut site of the navel cord
			As fly repellant, other external parasitic infestation	About 50-70 mL of fresh leaves extract is mixed with 500-700 mL of water then spray on the whole body surface
Black tulsi/Tulohi	Ocimum tenuiflorum	Tender leaves & stem	Skin infection	About 30 g of freshly collected tender leaves and the stem is crushed into a paste and applied to the infected area for 3-5 days
Broken bone tree/Nopakban	Oroxylum indicum	Bark	Bone fracture	Make Paste from the bark then applied directly to the lesion for 5-7 days
Peach fruit/ Sompho	Prunus persica	Leaves	Maggot wound	Applied directly on the lesion as paste twice daily for 3-5 days. The paste is prepared by crushing 20-30 nos of fresh leaves
Guava/ Sopreem / Modhuli aam	Psidium guajava	Leaves	Maggot wound	Applied directly on the lesion as paste twice daily for 3-5 days. The paste is prepared by crushing 20-30 nos of fresh leaves
		Young Shoot and Leaves	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Young Shoot and Leaves are mixed with feed for three to five days.
Amora/Siming	Spondias mombin	Bark & fruits	Severe diarrhoea	Bark and matured fruits extract of about 50- 100 mL is drenched orally for 5-7 days
Chinese chaste tree/Vorekabap	Vitex negundo	Leaves	Dysentery	Prepare about 50-70 mL of leaf extract and administer along with feed twice daily for 3-5 days
White rain lily/ Mirharsun	Zephyranthes candida	Bulbs	Complete/simple/ multiple Fracture	Applied as a paste by crushing 15-30 nos of fresh bulbs and applied on the fractured area once daily for 3-4 weeks
Jujube/Bokor	Zizyphus jujube	Fruits	Constipation	Decoction of about 20-25 nos of Jujube fruits for 15-20 min. The extract is fed twice daily for 3-5 days
Broken bone tree	Oroxylum indicum	Bark	FMD lesions	Paste of the tree’s bark is applied on the lesion for five to seven days
		Leaves	Deworming	Decoction of the bark are mixed in water for deworming
Nutgall tree	Rhus chinensis	Fruits	Fever and tongue lesion	Fruits of Nutgall tree are fed with stingless bee honey for five to seven days.
Banana	Musa spp.	Pseudostem Leave	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Feeding of pseudo-stem and leaves of banana plant for three to five days
Wild mango / Hog Plum	Spondias pinnata	Bark, fruits and leaves	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Fruit and leaf are mixed with feed and fed for three to five days. Also, bark juice is mixed with drinking water of the animal.
Mesta	Hibiscus cannabinus	Dried leaves and flower	Dysentery and fever	Dried leaves and flowers are fed either separately or mixed with feed for three to five days.

Naga denga	Rhus similata	All parts excluding roots	Diarrhoea and dysentery	All parts of Naga excluding roots denga are crushed and fed for three to five days.
Bamboo	Bambusa vulgaris	Leaves	Diarrhoea and dysentery	Leaves are crushed and fed for three to five days
Cinnamon	Cinnamomum verum	Bark	Deworming	Dried bark of cinnamon is feed for two to three days
Stinging nettles	Urtica dioica	Bark	Dermatitis / Maggot wounds	Bark is kept for 10 to 15 days around the neck to remove the maggots
Gynura	Gynura cusimbua	Leaves	Wound healing	Paste of the leaves is applied externally for seven to ten days.
Mustard	Brassica spp.	Oil	Fever, Respiratory disease	Feeding of gur and raw mustard oil.
Indian mallow	Abutilon hirtum	Leaf	Suppurating wound	A handful of leaves are grounded to paste and applied as a poultice on the affected area twice a day for 3 days
Kaim	Mitragyna parvifolia	Bark	Septic wound	Bark juice applied topically to wash the wound
Dud Kosu	Colocasia spp	Stem and leaves	Iron deficiency	Stem and leaf of Colocasia spp. is been extract and boiled with water for 15 -20 mins. And mix with other feed items to gain iron for pig.
Hanrisong	Cissus adnate Cissus quadrangularis	Stem	Bone Fracture	fresh stem of Cissus adnata or Cissus quadrangularis is crushed to make it paste form. And applied on the affected part and kept bandaged until cured.
Prampri	Syzygium cumini	Stem bark + curd	Dysentery and vomiting	Grounded stem bark of Syzygium cumini mixed with curd to make paste form and orally until cure
Tamir + Cremalu	Pennisetum typhoideum + Dioscorea cayennensis	Whole plant	Delayed growth	The whole plant of Pennisetum typhoideum and Dioscorea cayennensis is boiled together with water and given orally.
Plimplam	Dillenia indica	Fruit	Stomach-ache	Fruit of Dillenia indica is boiled with water and given orally

Export Oriented Natural and Organic Pig Husbandry Practices and Value Addition of Pork

ISBN: 978-81-955400-7-5

Export Oriented Natural and Organic Pig Husbandry Practices and Value Addition of Pork

ISBN: 978-81-955400-7-5

Possibility of Use of Ethnoveterinary Practices in Organic and Natural Pig Production

Published by Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam

Published in connection with the consultancy work sanctioned by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) vide order no. INF-2022-23-000049/01753 dated 01/11/2022.

Important Pig Diseases and Health Management

Current Pork Production vis-à-vis Meat Production

Published by Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam

Published in connection with the consultancy work sanctioned by Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) vide order no. INF-2022-23-000049/01753 dated 01/11/2022.